27500 ce1 Chronology 1ce-199ce Last revision: 15Feb94 Paul Harvey ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [1-199ce (conversion era): last revision: 15Feb94] 1ce: first year in Christian calendar, (a.d. = anno Domini), (see 525) 6: Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus of Rome; Samaria, Judea and Idumea annexed as province Iudaea under direct Roman administration, cap. Caesarea 6-?: Quirinius: Legate (Governor) of Syria, 1st Roman tax census of Iudaea 6-9: Coponius: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) 6-15: Ananus ben Seth: High Priest of Jerusalem Temple, appointed by Quirinius 6: Zealot's tax revolt: Judah of Gamala & Saddok the Pharisee [JA18.4,JW2.118] 7-26: brief period of peace, free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee 9: Hillel the Elder from Babylonia, b.30bce, "greatest Torah sage of Second Temple period", founder of Bet Hillel Torah school; at the request of a student to teach the entire Torah "while standing on one foot" he replied: "What is hateful to you, do not unto your neighbor. This is the entire Torah, all the rest is commentary," i.e., "Go and study it."; "He who magnifies his name destroys it; he who does not increase his knowledge decreases it, and he who does not study deserves to die; and he who makes worldly use of the crown of Torah shall waste away." [Encyclopedia Judaica] 9-12?: M. Ambivius: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) 12?-15: Annius Rufus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) 14-37: Tiberius: Roman emperor, b. 42bce 15-26: Valerius Gratus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) 17: Livy, (Titus Livius), b.59bce, Roman historian: "Ab Urbe Condita"; Loeb:14 17?: Ovid, b.43bce, Roman poet: Amores, Ars Amatoria, Metamorphoses; Loeb: 6v. 18-36: Joseph Caiaphas: High Priest of Jerusalem Temple, appointed by V.Gratus 19: Tiberius expels Septuagint missionaries from Rome, but they soon returned 22-220: Later (Eastern) Han dynasty in China 24?: Strabo, b.63bce?, Greek geographer, wrote: "Geography"; Loeb Classics 8v. 25?: Assumption (Testament) of Moses, original Hebrew extant Latin (Apocrypha) 26-36: Pontius Pilate: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) 27-29?: John the Baptist begins ministry [Luke 3:1-2: 15th year of Tiberius] 27-34?: Jesus bathed in Jordan to remove sins by John the Baptist [Mk1:4-11] 30: Marcus Manilius, b.10bce?, Roman poet, wrote: Astronomica; (Loeb Classics) 30?: Shammai the Elder, founder of Bet Shammai Torah school; "Make your study of the Torah a matter of established regularity, say little and do much, and receive all men with a friendly countenance." [Encyc. Judaica: Avot,1,15] 33-34?: John the Baptist arrested/killed by Herod Antipas [Lk3:19-20,Josephus] 33-36?: Jesus' ministry, foundation years of Christianity, {But after John was handed over to the authorities, Jesus went to Galilee, proclaiming the good word of God and saying, "The time has come & the kingdom of God is approach- ing. Repent & trust in the good word."}-Mk1:14-15(Gaus) || Mt4:12,17,Lk4:14- 15, cf. Jn4:1-3,43-46a; {& he goes up the mountain & calls the ones he want- ed to him, & they went to him. And he settled on twelve of them to be with him, and to be sent out by him to spread the word, and to have authority to throw out demons. And he gave Simon the name "Rock" [<1>"Peter"] and he gave <2>James the son of Zebedee & his brother <3>John the name of Boanerges which means "the Thunder Brothers"; plus <4>Andrew , <5>Philip , <6>Bartholomew , <7>Matthew , <8>Thomas , <9>James son of Alpheus, <10>Thaddeus , <11>Simon the Canaanite , and <12>Judas Iscariot , who betrayed him.} -Mk3:13-19(Gaus/Unvarnished NT) || Mt10:1-4,Lk6:12-16 36?: Jesus betrayed by one of his own Apostles: Judas son of Simon of Iscariot 36?: Jesus denied 3 times by his primary Apostle: (Simon) Peter the "Rock" 36?: Jesus crucified, Friday, Nisan 14th, March 30th, [Ref: John, Unauthorized Version/Fox] {And at three o'clock, Jesus cried out in a loud voice, "Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani," which translates to "My God, my God, why did you desert me?} -Mk15:34(Gaus). Last Supper would have been Thursday evening. (7Apr30 & 3Apr33 possible Fri/14/Nisan crucifixion dates) 36-37: Marcellus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) 36?-65?: period of oral tradition in Christianity between Jesus and the Gospel of Mark, the era of Paul of Tarsus, recorded in Acts: (Simon) Peter<1> as leader? (first Pope?), John<3>, James<2>, Andrew<4>, Philip<5>, Thomas<8>, Bartholomew<6>, Matthew<7>, James<9> son of Alpheus, Simon<11?> the Revolutionary (or Zealot), Jude son of James, Mary the mother of Jesus, Jesus' brothers and sisters and various other women [Ac1:13-14]; What happened to Thaddeus? only about 120 initial believers? [Ac1:15], Judas<12> the betrayer commits "suicide" [Ac1:18-19], Matthias voted in as his replacement [Ac1:23-26], 3000 new converts in one day??? [Ac2:41], Peter and John jailed for one night for causing riots, number of converts increases to 5000??? [Ac3], Ananias and Sapphira die under mysterious circumstances after not giving *all* their possessions to Christianity [Ac5], Aramaic [Ac1:19] and Greek [Ac6:1] in use early on, 7 Greeks added to 12 Apostles: Stephen, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, Nicolaus [Ac6], initially there is only one Christian "church" (Greek ekklesia:G1577 most likely just an assembly rather than a formal church), in Jerusalem, Paul (Saul) of Tarsus, prior to his conversion, has Stephen martyred and the Jerusalem "church" destroyed, the original Christians disperse throughout Judea and Samaria [Ac8:1ff], Paul of Tarsus converts to "Apostle to the Gentiles" and the main activity of Christianity shifts from the Hellenic-Jewish-Christians of Judea Samaria, and Galilee (Nazarenes "of Nazareth" and Ebionites "poor ones") to the Gentile-Christians led by Paul and centered in the church of Corinth ... Nazarenes (nazoraios:G3480):Mt2:23,Ac24:5; The Way (hodos:G3598):Ac9:2,18:25 -26,19:9,23,24:14,22; Christians (christianos:G5546):Ac11:26,26:28,1Pt4:16 37-41: Gaius Caligula: b.12, emperor of Rome, declared himself god ... 37-41?: Marullus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) 37-40: Herod Agrippa I: king of tetrarchies of Philip and Lysanias 37: Paul of Tarsus' conversion, [Acts9], (a Roman citizen & tentmaker) 37: Seneca the Elder, Roman rhetor, wrote: Controversiae, Suasoriae; Loeb: 2v 38: anti-Jewish riots in Alexandria [Philo: Flaccus 41-54, E-to-G 132-137] 39-40: anti-Jewish riots in Antioch [Malalas Chronographia 10.315] 39: Herod Antipas exiled to Gaul on charges of secret alliance with Parthians 40: Paul goes to Jerusalem to get aquainted (consult?) with Peter [Gal1:18-20] 40: Caligula adds tetrarchy of Herod Antipas (Galilee) to Herod Agrippa I 40?: 4 Maccabees, written in Greek in Alexandria (Septuagint) 41-54: Claudius: emperor of Rome, killed by poisoning by his wife Agrippina 41-44: Claudius adds Judea and Samaria to kingdom of Herod Agrippa I 41-48: Herod of Chalcis: (brother of Herod Agrippa I), king of Chalcis 44: James brother of John executed by Herod Agrippa I [Acts12:1-3] 44-46: C. Cuspius Fadus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, Idumea) 44: Fadus beheads Theudas for magically parting the Jordan R.[JA20.97,Ac5:36] 45: C. Julius Phaedrus, b.15bce?, Roman fables; (Loeb Classics) 45: Philo Judaeus of Alexandria, b.30bce, Jewish philosopher and hellenizer, tried to unify Greek and Hebrew philosophy; Loeb Classics has 12 volumes 45?: Fadus crucifies Jacob and Simon sons of Judah of Gamala (6) [JA20.5.2] 46-48: Tiberius Julius Alexander: Roman Procurator of Iudaea, an apostate Jew 47-59: Ananias ben Nedebaeus: H. P. of Jerus. Temple, app. by Herod of Chalcis 47-48: Paul and Barnabas on Cyprus [Acts13:4-12] 48-52: Ventidius Cumanus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, Idumea) 48-93: Agrippa II: king of Judea, ruled from Chalcis 48-52 and Iturea 52-93 48-49: Council of Apostles and Elders, 1st Christian council?, [Ac15,Gal2.1f?] also Incident at Antioch [Gal 2.11-18] where Paul publicly condemned Peter 48-62: Pauline Epistles: Gl(48-55),1Th(51),Rm(56-58),1Cr(56),2Cr(57),Ph(55-62) 49-50: Paul in Corinth, the center of his mission to the Gentiles [Acts18] 49-54: Claudius expels Septuagint missionaries from Rome: {Since the Jews con- stantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus {{Christ?}}, he ex- pelled them from Rome.} [Suetonius, de Vita Caesarum, Claudius XXV.4, Loeb] 50: Jewish riot in Jerusalem, 20-30,000 killed? [JA20.5.3,JW2.12.1] 50?: Peshitta translation begun, Hebrew OT->Syriac Aramaic, (Greek NT in 400) 50?: 2nd Thess., probably itself a forgery, warns of Christian Epistle forgery 50?: Ascension of Isaiah, original written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible) 50?: Barthelemy Greek Minor Prophets, R943, pb.1953, unknown translation type 52-60?: M. Antonius Felix: Roman Procurator of Iudaea, a Greek freedman 54-68: Nero: b. 37, emperor of Rome 55?: Felix kills Egyptian prophet planning to take Jerusalem [Ac21,Josephus] 57: Paul's last visit to Jerusalem [Acts21] 58: Paul arrested, imprisoned in Caesarea [Acts25:4] 58: Ming-Ti, emperor of China, introduces Buddhism to China 58?: Felix crushes Jewish revolt in Caesarea 59: Nero kills his mother Agrippina (see 41-54) 60?-62: Porcius Festus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, Idumea) 60: Paul imprisoned in Rome [Acts28:16] 62: Paul martyred for treason in Rome 62: Jesus the Rustic, proclaims "... a voice against Jerusalem ..." [Josephus] 62: Nero kills his wife Octavia and marries Poppaea Sabina 62: Persius, b.34, Roman Stoic satirist, wrote: "Satirae"; (Loeb Classics) 62: {Being therefore this kind of person [i.e., a heartless Sadducee], Ananus, thinking that he had a favorable opportunity because Festus had died and Albinus was still on his way, called a meeting [literally, "sanhedrin"] of judges and brought into it the brother of Jesus-who-is-called-Messiah, James by name, and some others. He made the accusation that they had transgressed the law, and he handed them over to be stoned.} [JA20.9.1,Marginal Jew,p.57] 62-64: Lucceius Albinus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, Idumea) 64: Great Fire of Rome: Nero accused and persecuted the Christians: {Therefore to squelch the rumor , Nero created scapegoats and subjected to the most refined tortures those whom the common people called "Christians," [a group] hated for their abominable crimes. Their name comes from Christ, who, during the reign of Tiberius, had been executed by the procurator Pontius Pilate. Suppressed for the moment, the deadly superstition broke out again, not only in Judea, the land which originated this evil, but also in the city of Rome, where all sorts of horrendous and shameful practices from every part of the world converge and are fervently cultivated.} [Tacitus Annals 15.44;Marginal Jew;Meier;p.89-90] 65-150: Gospel redaction and compilation stage of Christianity, post-Paul, center of Christianity shifts to Antioch and Rome - "New Babylon" of 1Pt5:13 65?: Q (German:Quelle:Source), hypothetical Greek text used in Matt & Luke 65-150: Didache: Instructions of the Apostles, pub. 1883 (Apostolic Fathers) 65-150: Dialogue of the Savior, Gospel of Peter (Complete Gospels) 65-150: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1224 fragments: pub. 1914, {When the scholars a[nd Pharise]es and priests observe[ed hi]m, they were indignant [because he re- clined in the com]pany of sin[ners]. But Jesus overheard [them and said,] Those who are we[ll don't need a doctor.]} -5(SV) || Mk2:15-17; Mt9:10-13;Lk5:29-32 [Ref: The Complete Gospels, 1992, ISBN:0-944344-30-5] 65-150: Gospel of Thomas, based on Q?, pub. 1959, Greek originals: Papyrus Ox. 1,654-5; {Jesus said, "If your leaders say to you, 'Look, the imperial rule is in the sky,' then the birds of the sky will precede you. If they say to you, 'It is in the sea,' then the fish will precede you. Rather, the imperial rule is within you and it is outside you. When you know yourselves, then you will be known, and you will understand that you are children of the living Father. But if you do not know yourselves, then you live in poverty, and you are the poverty."} -Th3(SV), cf. Mk13:21-23; Mt24:23-28;Lk17:20-25;Jb28:12-14,20-22(LXX);Bar3:29-32,35-37;Dt30:11-14(LXX) ;Sir1:1-3 {His disciples said to him, "When will the rest for the dead take place, and when will the new world come?" He said to them, "What you are looking forward to has come, but you don't know it."} -Th51(SV), cf. Mt11:28 -29;DSav65-68;Sir51:26-27,6:23-31;Lk17:20-21;Mk9:12-13;Mt17:11;2Tm2:17-18 {His disciples said to him, "When will the imperial rule come?" "It will not come by watching for it. It will not be said, 'Look, here!' or 'Look, there!' Rather, the Father's imperial rule is spread out upon the earth, and people don't see it."} -Th113(SV) || Lk17:20-21; cf. Mary4:4-5; Mk13:21;Mt24:23;Lk17:23 [Ref: The Complete Gospels, ISBN:0-944344-30-5] 65-175: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840 fragments: pub. 1908, {In response the savior said to him: "I feel sorry for the blind who can't see. You bathe in these stagnant waters where dogs & pigs wallow day & night.} -2:7(SV) cf. Mt7:6; Jn9:40-41; 2Pt2:22; Rv22:15 [Ref: The Complete Gospels, ISBN:0-944344-30-5] 65-175: Papyrus Egerton 2 (Unknown Gospel) fragments: pub. 1935/87, in Greek from Palestine, one of the oldest extant Christian texts (~175), {Turning to the rulers of the people, made this statement: "Pore over the writings. You imagine that in them there is life to be had. They do indeed give evidence on my behalf."} -EgerG1:2(SV) || Jn5:39 (Comp. Gospels) 65-250: Papyrus Fayum (P. Vindob. G. 2325) fragments: pub. 1887, {(He said, after) eating according to custom, "Al[l of you on this] night will fall away, [according to] scripture: 'I will strike the [shepherd and the] sheep will be scattered.'" [When] Peter said, "Even if all, [yet not I," (Jesus said) "Before] the cock crows twice [today three times] you will deny me."} cf. Mk14:26-31;Mt26:30-35;Lk22:31-34 [Ref: Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1992] 65-350: "Jewish-Christian Gospels": 7 fragments of Gospel of the Ebionites and 7 fragments of Gospel of the Hebrews in Greek; 36 fragments of Gospel of the Nazarenes in Aramaic; [Ref: NT Apocrypha, W. Schneemelcher, vol. 1] 64-66: Gessius Florus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, Idumea), a Greek from Asia Minor, raids Temple setting off Jewish rebellion of 66-70 65: Nero orders Seneca to commit suicide: Seneca the Younger, Roman poet, wrote: "Dialogi", "Naturales quaestiones"; (Loeb Classics has 11 volumes) 65: Lucan, b.39, Roman poet, wrote: "Pharsalia" (Civil War); (Loeb Classics) 66-70: Roman-Jewish War: final destruction of Second Temple (Herod's Temple) 66: Cestius Gallus, Roman legate of Syria, forced to retreat from Iudaea 66: Petronius, b.26?, Roman courtier: "Satyricon" (satire of Caligula); (Loeb) 67: General Vespasian of Rome conquers Galilee 67: Peter, 1st Pope?, bishop of Antioch & Rome?, martyred (crucified?) in Rome 67-78: Linus becomes second (first?) Pope: 2Tm4:21? 68: Nero commits suicide & resurrects as "Nero redivivus" (Revelation's 666?) 68: Qumran (Essenes?) (Dead Sea Scrolls - 1949) community destroyed by Rome 69: Galba(6/68-1/69), Otho(1-4), Vitellius(6-12), emperors in series of Rome 69-79-81-96: Flavian Dynasty of Rome: Vespasian - Titus - Domitian 69-79: Vespasian: emperor of Rome, quells unrest in Rome and Jerusalem 70: General Titus, Vespasian's eldest son, conquers Jerusalem, destroys Temple 70-361: special annual tax of 2 drachmas levied on all Jews of the Roman Empire since Jupiter Capitolinus (God of Rome) had defeated God of Jerusalem {Besides other taxes, that on the Jews was levied with the utmost rigour, and those were prosecuted who without publicly acknowledging that faith yet lived as Jews, as well as those who concealed their origin and did not pay the tribute levied upon their people. {{These were doubtless Christians, whom the Romans commonly confounded with the Jews.}} I recall being present in my youth when the person of a man ninety years old was examined before the procurator and a very crowded court, to see whether he was circumcised.} [Suetonius, de Vita Caesarum, Book VII, Domitian, XII.2, Loeb Classics] 70-640: Sanhedrin (High Court) period of Judaism, rise of house of Hillel (9) 70-132: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Jabneh (Jamnia), begun by Rabban Johanan ben Zakkai to 'perform commandments and teach Torah' 70?: Gospel of Mark, Peter's interpreter? [1Pt5:13], written in Rome?, ends unexpectedly at Mk16:8, original ending apparently lost, endings added ~400 70?: "Signs Gospel", hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to prove Jesus is Messiah; [Complete Gospels]: Opening: Jn1:6-7,19-49; in Galilee: Jn 2:1-12a,4:46b-54,21:1-14,6:1-14,15b-25; in Jerusalem: Jn11:1-45,9:1-8,5:2-9; Culmination: Jn11:47-53,2:14-19,12:37-40; Passion Prelude: Jn12:1-8,12-15; Passion: Jn18:1-19:42; Resurrection: Jn20:1-22; Closing: Jn20:30-31 71?: "The Jewish War" (JW), by Josephus (see 100?), written in Greek 73: Jewish fortress at Masada falls to Rome, residents commit mass suicide 74?: Publius Annius Florus, Roman historian; (Loeb Classics) 79: Pliny the Elder, b.23, Roman scholar, victim of Vesuvius eruption, wrote of Essenes; Loeb Classics has 10 volumes of Pliny's "Natural History" 79-81: Titus: emperor of Rome, eldest son of Vespasian 79-91: Pope Anacletus: "blameless?", Titus 1:7? 80?: Gospel of Matthew, most popular in early church, based on Mark and Q 80?: "Council of Jamnia" said to have canonized Jewish Scripture [discredited] 81-96: Domitian: emperor of Rome, son of Vespasian, "Nero redivivus?" (see 68) 90?: Gospel of Luke, based on Mark & Q, also Acts - same author, style of LXX 90?: Josephus claims exactly 22 Jewish (OT) books: 5 Law, 13 History, 4 Hymns 91-101: Pope Clement I: Phil4:3?, wrote to Corinth in 95: "1 Clement" (AF) 94: "Jewish Antiquities", by Josephus in Aramaic, trans. to Grk., Testimonium Flavianum: {At this time there appeared Jesus, a wise man. For he was a doer of startling deeds, a teacher of people who receive the truth with pleasure. And he gained a following both among many Jews and among many of Greek ori- gin. And when Pilate, because of an accusation made by the leading men among us, condemned him to the cross, those who had loved him previously did not cease to do so. And up until this very day the tribe of Christians (named after him) has not died out.} [JA18.3.3 Meier redaction, Marginal Jew, p.61] 95?: Quintilian, Roman rhetor, wrote: "Institutio oratoria"; Loeb: 4 volumes 96-98: Nerva: emperor of Rome 96: Statius, b.40?, Roman poet, wrote: Silvae, Thebais, Achilleis; Loeb: 2v. 98-116: Trajan: emperor of Rome, Roman empire reaches maximum size 100: Romans build aqueduct using Roman Arch (semicircle) at Segovia, Spain 100?: Gospel of John: only eyewitness? the disciple Jesus loved? Gnostic? ... 100?: Odes of Solomon, written in Greek or Syriac, ref by John? (Apocrypha) 100?: Epistle of Barnabas, Christian exegesis of LXX (AF = Apostolic Fathers) 100?: 2 Clement, an old sermon but not by Clement (AF = Apostolic Fathers) 100?: 2 Esdras (Vg:4 Esdras), Hebrew?, claims 24 OT books (Vulgate & Peshitta) 100?: Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch:Syriac, 3 Baruch:Greek) (Peshitta) 100?: Paralipomena of Jeremiah (4 Baruch), written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible) 100?: Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Aramaic and Hebrew fragments found at Qumran Caves 1,4 (Armenian Bible) 100?: Masoretes at Tiberias compile Masora (MT), standard Jewish Scriptures 100?: Flavius Josephus, b.37, Jewish general, turncoat, historian, hellenist: Against Apion; Jewish War (JW) in 71; Jewish Antiquities (JA) in 94; 10 Loeb 100-150: Secret Book (Apocryphon) of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Infancy Gospels of Thomas and James, Secret Gospel (of Mark) (Complete Gospels) 101-109-116-125: Pope Evaristus - Pope Alexander - Pope Sixtus I 104?: Martial, b.40?, Roman epigrammist; Loeb Classics has 2 volumes 110?: Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians, written by Polycarp (160) (AF) 110?: "Letters of Ignatius", bishop of Antioch, martyred in Rome, his letters were subjected to heavy Christian forgery esp. 4th cent. (Apostolic Fathers) 114: Lucius Apuleius, Roman satirist: The Golden Ass, Metamorphoses; Loeb: 3v. 114?: Pliny the Younger, b.61?, Roman consul: "Epistulae": (10.96); Loeb: 2 v. 115: Lucian, Gk satirist: Passing of Peregrinus (satire of Christians); Loeb8v 115-117: Kitos War in Jerusalem, provoked by Roman Procurator Lucius Quietus 117-138: Hadrian: b. 76, emperor of Rome, builds wall across Britain ... 117: Publius Cornelius Tacitus, b.55?, Roman historian: "Annals" Loeb: 5 vols. 117: Juvenal, b.60?, greatest Roman satirist; (Loeb Classics with Persius) 120?: Plutarch, b.47?, Greek historian, wrote 200+: Moralia; Vitae; Loeb: 27 v 125-136: Pope Telesphorus: martyred 125?: Papyrus 52: oldest extant NT fragment, p.1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38 125?: Shepherd of Hermas, written in Rome (AF = Apostolic Fathers) 130-200: "Christian Apologists" writings against Roman Paganism by: Justin Martyr (165), Athenagoras (180?), Aristides (145?), Theophilus of Antioch (185?), Tatian (170), Quadratus (130?), Melito of Sardis (180?), Apolli- naris of Hierapolis (180?), also Epistle to Diognetus in Apostolic Fathers 130?: "Gospel of Basilides", a 24 book commentary?, lost 130?: Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor, wrote: "Expositions of the Sayings of the Lord", lost, widely quoted, see Eusebius (340) (AF) 130?: Aquila of Pontus, Roman convert to Christianity then to Judaism, student of Rabban Gamaliel, compiled literal Greek OT translation in Jabneh (Jamnia) 132-135: Bar Kokhba Revolt: final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem erased from maps, all of southern Syria renamed Palestine (coined by Herodotus) 135: R. Akiva ben Joseph of Judea, b.50?, executed by the Romans for teaching Torah in public after revolt, flesh was torn from his body with iron combs, coined "thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself" as 1st principle of Torah 138-161: Antoninus Pius: emperor of Rome 138-165: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Usha, Galilee 138-142-155-166: Pope Hyginus - Pope Pius I - Pope Anicetus 140: Letters of Marcion, produces his own canon without OT and using only a heavily edited Luke + 10 Pauline Epistles, cites "Western" Gospel text-type 140?: Apocalypse of Peter, written in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2] 140?: Suetonius, b.70, Roman historian: "de Vita Caesarum"; Loeb Classics: 2v 150?: Justin Martyr's "Dialogue with Trypho" fictional Christian-Jewish debate 150?: Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria, Greek astronomer: "Tetrabiblos"; (Loeb) 150?: Gospel of the Egyptians, Coptic translation of orig. Greek (Nag Hammadi) 150?: Nagarjuna founds Madhyamika (Mahayana Buddhism) school in India 150?: "Western Reviser" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce "Western" version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 & Codex Bezae (D) {Who it was that was responsible for the additional information concerning the apostolic age or where it came from is entirely unknown. According to F. G. Kenyon, "What one would like to suppose (but for which there is no exter- nal evidence), is that one of St. Paul's companions transcribed Luke's book [Acts] (perhaps after the author's death), and inserted details of which he had personal knowledge, & made other alterations in accordance with his own taste in a matter on which he was entitled to regard himself as having auth- ority equal to that of Luke."} [Textual Comm., Metzger, p272, 3-438-06010-8] 150?: Papyrus Chester Beatty 6: R963, Greek Num 5:12-36:13, Deut 1:20-34:12 160?: Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, martyred at age 86: "Let. to Philip." (110) 160?: Martyrdom of Polycarp, in Greek (Apostolic Fathers, ISBN:0-8010-5676-4) 161-180: Marcus Aurelius: b.121, emperor of Rome: "Meditationes" (Gk) (Loeb) 164-180: Great Plague in Roman empire 165: Letters of Justin Martyr, cites "Acts of Pilate", debates Trypho the Jew 165-180: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Shefaram, Galilee 165?: Gellius, b.123?, Roman writer, wrote: Attic Nights; Loeb Classics: 3 v. 166-174: Pope Soter: moved Easter from Nisan 14 to following Sunday 170: Letters of Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, cites "Western" Gospel text-type 170: Christian council on Montanist sect in Asia Minor 170: Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, claims Christians were changing and faking his own letters just as [he knew] they had changed the Gospels 170: Tatian produces "Diatessaron" (Harmony) by blending 4 "Western" text-type Gospels into 1: {... [the mother of the sons of Zebed]ee (Mt27:56) & Salome (Mk15:40) & the wives [of those who] had followed him from [Galile]e to see the crucified (Lk23:49b-c). And [the da]y was Preparation; the Sabbath was daw[ning] (Lk23:54). & when it was evening (Mt27:57), on the Prep[aration], that is, the day before the Sabbath (Mk25:42), [there came] up a man (Mt27: 57), be[ing] a member of the council (Lk23:50), from Arimathea (Mt27:57), a c[i]ty of [Jude]a (Lk23:51), by name Jo[seph] (Mt27:57), good & ri[ghteous] (Lk23:50), being a disciple of Jesus, but se[cret]ly, for fear of the [Jew]s (Jn19:38). & he (Mt27:57) was looking for [the] k[ingdom] of God (Lk23:51b). This man [had] not [con]sented to [their] p[urpose] (Lk23:51a) ...} {#0212} [Ref: Text of the NT, Bruce Metzger, 3rd ed., ISBN:0-19-507297-9, pg. 90] 170?: Symmachus, an Ebionite, writes an entirely new Greek OT translation 174-189: Pope Eleutherius 175?: Acts of Paul (inc. 3 Cor.), in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2] 178: Celsus writes "True Discourse", a pro-Pagan/anti-Christian polemic, lost 180-192: Commodus: emperor of Rome 180-210: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Beth-shearim 180: Gaius, b.110?, Roman jurist, wrote: "Institutiones": summary of Roman Law 180?: Minucius Felix, Roman Christian lawyer, wrote: "Octavius" on morality 185-350: Canon Muratorian: first extant for NT? written in Rome by Hippolytus? ex: Hebrews, James, 1-2Pt, 3Jn; in: Wisdom of Solomon, Apocalypse of Peter 189-198: Pope Victor I: first Latin Pope, excommunicated Eastern churches that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14 "Quartodeciman", (see 166, 190) 190: Christian council to determine "official" date of Easter 193-211: Septimius Severus: emperor of Rome 198-217: Pope Zephyrinus