27883 ce2 Chronology 200ce-640ce (conversion era) last revision: 16Feb94 Source: Paul Harvey ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 200: Mishnah, Torah teachings, Halakhah (Oral Law), by Hillel/Akiva/Meir/Judah 200: Bishop of Antioch notes Gospel of Peter (see 65?) being used in Cilicia 200-300: period of Neo-Platonism: developed in Alexandria, last of Greek philosophies, [Hermetica, Sir Walter Scott, ISBN:0-87773-338-4] (see 270) 200?: Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text-types: Jn 1:1-6:11,35-7:52;8:12-14:26,29-30;15:2-26;16:2-4,6-7,10-20:20,22-23,25-21:9 200?: Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14-15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, ~Vaticanus; Lk3:18-22,33-4:2,34-5:10,37-6:4,10-7:32,35-39,41-43,46-9:2,4-17:15,19-18:18; 22:4-24:53; Jn1:1-7:52;8:12-11:45,48-57;12:3-13:1,8-9;14:8-30;15:7-8 200?: Papyrus 46: 2nd Chester Beatty, "Alexandrian" text-type: Rm5:17-6:3,5-14 ;8:15-25,27-35,37-9:32;10:1-11:22,24-33,35-15:9,11-16:27;Hb1:1-9:16,18-10:20 ,22-30,32-13:25;1Cr1:1-9:2,4-14:14,16-15:15,17-16:22;2Cr1:1-11:10,12-21,23- 13:13;Ep1:1-2:7,10-5:6,8-6:6,8,20-24;Gl1:1-8,10-2:9,12-21;3:2-29;4:2-18,20-5 :17,20-6:8,10-18;Ph1:1,5-15,17-28,30-2:12,14-27,29-3:8,10-21;4:2-12,14-23;Cl 1:1-2,5-13,16-24,27-2:19,23-3:11,13-24;4:3-12,16-18;1Th1:1,9-2:3;5:5-9,23-28 200?: Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11-15;2:3-8 200?: Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt3:9,15;5:20-22,25-28;26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-33 200?: Old Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, Syr(s) & Syr(c), of "Western" text-type 200?: Latin Bible translations begun in Carthage?, originals no longer extant 200?: Sahidic Coptic cop(sa) Bible translations written in Alexendria 200?: Theodotion, Greek convert to Judaism, makes revision of LXX (Septuagint) 201?: Claudius Galen, b.130?, Greek anatomist: On the Natural Faculties (Loeb) 210-240: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Sepphoris Galilee 212-217: Geta then Caracalla: emperors of Rome 212: "Civis Romanus sum!", Roman citizenship for every free born subject 217-222-230: Pope Callistus I - Pope Urban I 217-236: anti-Pope Hippolytus: bishop of Rome, "Logos" sect 217: Judah Ha-Nasi, "Rabbi", codified Mishnah (200) 218-222: Heliogabalus: emperor of Rome 220: Goths invade Asia Minor and Balkans 220?: Clement of Alexandria, b.150?, bishop, cites "Alexandrian" NT text-type & Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians; wrote: "Exhortations to the Greeks";"Rich Man's Salutation";"To the Newly Baptized"; (Loeb Classics) 222-235: Alexander Severus: emperor of Rome 223?: Tertullian, wr: "de Spectaculis" (Latin): v30.6 cites rumor Jesus son of prostitute, coined "New Testament", cites "Western" Gospel text-type (Loeb) 225?: Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty, Gospels (Caesarean), Acts (Alexandrian): Mt20:24-32;21:13-19;25:41-26:39; Mk4:36-40;5:15-26,38-6:3,16-25,36-50;7:3-15 ,25-8:1,10-26,34-9:9,18-31;11:27-12:1,5-8,13-19,24-28; Lk6:31-41,45-7:7;9:26 -41,45-10:1,6-22,26-11:1,6-25,28-46,50-12:12,18-37,42-13:1,6-24,29-14:10,17- 33; Jn10:7-25,30-11:10,18-36,42-57; Ac4:27-36;5:10-21,30-39;6:7-7:2,10-21,32 -41,52-8:1,14-25,34-9:6,16-27,35-10:2,10-23,31-41;11:2-14,24-12:5,13-22;13:6 -16,25-36,46-14:3,15-23;15:2-7,19-27,38-16:4,15-21,32-40;17:9-17 225?: Papyrus 967: Chester Beatty 9, Greek Ezekiel 11:25-end, ~Codex Vaticanus 230-236-237-250: Pope Pontian - Pope Anterus - Pope Fabian 230-250: Christian council of Rome, Demetrius bishop of Alex. condemns Origen 236-238: Maximinus: emperor of Rome, ends Christian schism in Rome by deport- ing Pope Pontian and anti-Pope Hippolytus to Sardinia where they soon die 238-244: Gordian I, II, Balbinus, Pupienus, Gordian III: emperors of Rome 240-250: Christian council of Carthage 240-640: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Tiberias, Galilee 244-249: Philip the Arabian: emperor of Rome 248: Rome celebrates 1,000th anniversary, see 753bce 248: Origen (d.254) writes "Contra Celsus", against Celsus' lost work of 178, cites a rumor recorded by Celsus: "Jesus fabricated the account of his birth from a virgin. In reality, Jesus' mother was driven out by the carpenter husband to whom she was betrothed because she had committed adultery with a [Roman] soldier named Panthera [thus the ben Pantere of Jewish sources]. Left poor and homeless, she gave birth to Jesus in secret. Jesus later spent time in Egypt, where he hired himself out as a laborer, learned magic, and so came to claim the title of God." [CC1.28-32, Marginal Jew, Meier, p. 223] 249-251: Decius: emperor of Rome 250: Letters of Methodius, Pistis Sophia, Porphyry Tyrius; church fathers 250: Rome steps up persecution of Christians, martyrs revered as saints 250: Diophantus of Alexandria, first book of algebra 250?: Mandeans (followers of John the Baptist) begin compilation of "Ginza" 250?: Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text-type: Nativity of Mary; 3Cor; Odes of Solomon 11; Jude 1-25; Melito's Homily on Passover; Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps33,34; 1Pt1:1-5:14; 2Pt1:1-3:18; 250?: Papyrus Chester Beatty: #5:R962: Gn8:13-9:2,24:13-46:33,Enoch91-105; #7: I8:18-19:13,38:14-45:5,54:1=60:22; #8: Jr4:30-5:24; #10: Dn1-12:13(+Add),Bel4-39,Sus5-end,Esther1:1a-8:6(+Add) 251-253: Gallus: emperor of Rome 251-253-254: Pope Cornelius - Pope Lucius I 251-258: anti-Pope Novatian: decreed no forgiveness for sins after baptism 253-260: Valerian: emperor of Rome, executes all Bishops, Priests and Deacons 254-257: Pope Stephen I: major schism over rebaptizing heretics and apostates 254: Letters of Origen, b.185?, coined "homoousios" or Jesus and God of one substance, adopted at Council of Nicaea in 325, compiled "Hexapla": 6 ver- sions of LXX side by side: Hebrew, Hebrew transliterated in Greek, Aquila's Greek trans., Symmachus' Greek trans., Origen's revised LXX Greek trans., Theodotion's revised LXX; also Quinta/Sexta/Septima trans., Tetragrammaton in square Hebrew script; cites "Alexandrian" & "Caesarean" NT text-types; Eusebius claimed Or. castrated himself for Christ due to Mt19:12 [EH6.8.1-3] 257-258: Pope Sixtus II: martyred 257: Visigoths and Ostrogoths invade Black Sea area, Franks invade Spain 258: Letters of Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, cites "Western" NT text-type, claims Christians are freely forging his letters to discredit him 260-268: Gallienus: emperor of Rome, reverses Valerian, restores Roman church 260-268: Pope Dionysius: rebuilds Roman church after Valerian's massacre 264-268: Christian council on Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, founder of Adoptionism: Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his baptism 264?: Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, b.190? 268: Goths sack Athens, Sparta, Corinth 268-270: Claudius II: emperor of Rome 269-274: Pope Felix I 270-275: Aurelian: emperor of Rome, "restitutor orbis" 270: Plotinus, Egyptian Neo-Platonic philosopher, wrote in Greek; Loeb: 7v. 271: compass invented in China 275-283: Pope Eutychian: decreed that only beans and grapes be blessed at Mass 275?: Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rv9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17-17:2 276-282: Marcus Aurelius Probus: emperor of Rome 276: Mani, b.215, crucified, founder of Manichaean Christian sect in Persia 282-283: Marcus Aurelius Carus: emperor of Rome 283-296: Pope Gaius 284-305: Diocletian: emperor of Rome, notorious persecutor of Christians 285: Roman empire partitioned into Western and Eastern empires 285: Pappus of Alex. describes 5 machines: cogwheel/lever/pulley/screw/wedge 294: Codex Gregorianus: compilation of Roman Law 296-304: Pope Marcellinus: apostate, offered pagan sacrifice for Diocletian 300?: Bohairic Coptic cop(bo) Bible translations written in Alexandria 300?: Hesychius of Alex., martyr, translates Hebrew OT to Greek, lost [Jerome] 300?: Katayayana, a compilation of Indian law 300?: Papyrus Berlin Codex of Greek Genesis; Papyrus Bodmer 24 of Greek Psalms; Codex Freer of Greek Minor Prophets; all published in 1927 300?: other 3rd century NT witnesses: P1:Mt1:1-9,12,14-20 P4:Lk1:58-59,62-2:1, 6-7;3:8-4:2,29-32,34-35;5:3-8,30-6:16 P5:Jn1:23-31,33-40;16:14-30;20:11-17, 19-20,22-25 P9:1Jn4:11-12,14-17 P12:Hb1:1 P15:1Cr7:18-8:4 P20:Jm2:19-3:9 P22:Jn15:25-16:2,21-32 P23:Jm1:10-12,15-18 P27:Rm8:12-22,24-27,33-9:3,5-9 P28:Jn6:8-12,17-22 P29:Ac26:7-8,20 P30:1Th4:12-13,16-17;5:3,8-10,12-18,25-28 ;2Th1:1-2 P38:Ac18:27-19:6,12-16 P39:Jn8:14-22 P40:Rm1:24-27,31-2:3;3:21-4:8 ;6:4-5:16;9:16-17:27 P48:Ac23:11-17,23-29 P49:Ep4:16-29,31-5:13 P53:Mt26:29- 40;Ac9:33-10:1 P65:1Th1:3-2:1,6-13 P69:Lk22:41,45-48,58-61 P70:Mt2:13-16,22- 3:1;11:26-27;12:4-5;24:3-6,12-15 P80:Jn3:34 P87:Pm13-15,24-25 #0171:Mt10:17-23,25-32;Lk22:44-56,61-64 #0189:Ac5:3-21 #0220:Rm4:23-5:3,8-13 #0212(Diatessaron):Mt27:56-57;Mk15:40-42;Lk23:49-51,54;Jn19:38 303-311: last persecution of Christians in Rome 304: Letters of Victor, bishop of Pettau 306-337: Emperor Constantine the Great: converts to Christianity on deathbed 306-312: Maxentius: emperor of Western Roman Empire 306-308: Pope Marcellus I: tried removing prior Pope Marcellinus from official records for apostasy, exiled from Rome by Maxentius for disturbing the peace 306: Synod of Elvira prohibits eating, marriage, sex between Christians & Jews 310: Pope Eusebius deported to Sicily with anti-Pope Heraclius by Maxentius 311-314: Pope Miltiades: Constantine gives Fausta's palace as papal residence 312: Lucian, founded Exegetical School of Antioch, revised LXX, martyred 312: Constantine defeats Maxentius at Milvian Bridge, reunites Roman Empire 313: Edict of Milan, Constantine establishes toleration of Christianity 313: Miltiades excommunicates Donatus for requiring rebaptism of apostates 314-335: Pope Silvester I 314: Council of Arles, called by Constantine against Donatist (Donatus) schism 317: Letters of Lactantius, early Christian church father 320: Ko Hung writes "Pao-p'u-tzu" (Master Who Preserves Simplicity) 321: Constantine decrees SUN-day as official Roman-Christian day of rest 325: Council of Nicaea, called by Constantine against Arianism (336), called "1st great Christian council" by Jerome, 1st ecumenical, 318 bishops attend 325?: Fayyumic Coptic cop(mf) translation fragment of John 6:11-15:11 325-900: Teotihuacan, ancient Mexican city 331: seat of Roman empire moved to Constantinople (former Greek Byzantium) 334-365: Codex Hermogenianus: compilation of Roman Law 336-337-352-366: Pope Mark - Pope Julius I - Pope Liberius 336: Arius, Greek theologian, b.256?, Arianism: Jesus was a created being 337-350: Roman Empire splits again: Constans emperor of West until 350 337-361: Roman Empire splits again: Constantius II emperor of East until 361 338: Jewish calender modified with different year lengths to correct to Solar 340?: Eusebius of Caesarea, theologian & church historian, cites "Caesarean" NT text-type, wrote: "Ecclesiastical History" (EH); Loeb Classics: 2 volumes {Papias, bishop of Hierapolis (130?), claims that John the Elder, a disciple of Jesus, told him that Mark "was the interpreter of Peter and wrote down carefully what he remembered of what had been said or done by the Lord, but not in the right order." Also claims that "Matthew composed the sayings in Hebrew [more likely Aramaic] and each one translated them as he could."} [Ref: EH3.39.15, Unauthorized Version, Fox, p.126-127] Eusebius' NT Canon: Recognized Books: 4 Holy Gospels, Acts, 14 Pauline Epistles, 1Jn, 1Pt; Disputed Books: Rev, James, Jude, 2Pt, 2-3Jn, Acts of Paul, Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Barnabas, Didache, Gospel of the Hebrews; Rejected Books: Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Matthias, Acts of Andrew, John ... [EH3.25] 350: Letters of Adamantius, Firmicus Maternus; early Christian church fathers 350?: Codex Sinaiticus (S or ): earliest Christian Bible, (LXX - 2-3Maccabees - Psalms of Solomon - Ps151 + 27NT + Barnabas + Hermas), missing Hermas31.7-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type 350?: Codex Vaticanus (B): earliest Christian Bible (LXX - 1-4Maccabees - Psalms of Solomon - Ps151 + 27NT), missing Gn1-46:28, Ps105:27-137:6, 1Tm-Phm, Heb9:14-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type 350?: Papyrus Antinoopolis of Book of Proverbs in Greek, published in 1950 350?: Papyrus Chester Beatty: #4:R961: Greek Gn9:1-44:22; #11: Greek Sir36:28- 37:22,46:6-47:2; #12: Greek Enoch93:12-13,94:7-8,97:6-104:13,106:1-107:3 350?: Papyrus Bodmer 45-46: Greek Susanna, Daniel 1:1-20 (Theodotion's LXX) 350?: Canon Cheltenham: 24NT books (excludes James, Jude, Hebrews) 350?: Akhmimic cop(ac) & Sub-Akhmimic cop(ac2) Coptic translations of John 350?: Ulfilas, apostle to the Goths (Germans), translates Greek NT to Gothic 350?: Avesta (Zoroastrian texts back to 1,000 bce) compiled in Persia 355-365: anti-Pope Felix II: Arianism (336), supported by Constantius II 360: Huns invade Europe, scrolls begin to be replaced by books (Codex) 361-363: Emperor Julian the Apostate attempts to revive Paganism; Loeb:3v (Gk) 363: Letters of Marius Victorinus, Acacius of Caesarea; early church fathers 363: Council of Laodicea names 26NT books (excludes Revelations) 366-384: Pope Damasus I: hired thugs to massacre rival Ursinians (Liberians) 366-367: anti-Pope Ursinus: leader of supporters of former Pope Liberius 364: Council of Laodicea decrees death for Christians who keep 7th day Sabbath 367: Athanasius, d.373, bishop of Alexandria, first cite of modern 27NT canon 367: Letters of Hilary of Poitiers, Lucifer of Calaris; early church fathers 370: Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, Cyprus; cites 27NT + Wisdom of Solomon 370: Doctrine of Addai at Edessa proclaims 17 book NT canon using Diatessaron (instead of the 4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc. 3 Corinthians) 373: Letters of Ephraem Syrus, cites "Western" Acts text-type 379-395: Theodosius the Great: last emperor of united empire 378: Letters of Titus of Bostra, Ambrosiaster, Priscillian; church fathers 379?: St. Basil the Great, Greek Christian writer: Loeb Classics has 4 vols. 380: Feb 27, Christianity declared official state religion by Theodosius 381: Council of Theodosius at Const., 2d ecumenical, Jesus had true human soul 382: Pope Damasus I has Jerome begin revision & unification of Latin Bibles 383: Roman legions begin to evacuate Britain 384: Jerome presents Pope Damasus I with new Latin Gospels, originals lost 384-399-401: Pope Siricius (criticized Jerome) - Pope Anastasius I 385: Tao-an, b.312, Chinese Buddhist philosopher 386: Letters of Cyril of Jerusalem, cites "Caesarean" NT text-type 390: Apollinaris of Laodicea, b.310, Jesus had human body but divine spirit 390: Letters of Tyconius, Gregory of Nyssa, Didymus of Alex.; church fathers 391?: Ammianus Marcellinus, b.330, Christian historian, wrote: "Res gestae" 393,397: Augustine's (see 430) Councils, cites exactly 27NT books 395: Theodosius prohibits practice of Pagan rituals including Olympic Games 395: Ausonius, b.310?, Christian governor of Gaul; Loeb Classics 2v (Latin) 396: Alaric, king of the Visigoths, plunders Athens 397: Ambrose, b.333?, bishop & governor of Milan, wrote: "de Fide" ... 397: Ling-pao ching writes "Book of the Sacred Jewel", Taoist philosophy 400-600: era of "aggressive forgeries" in Christian texts [Grant,J.T.S.,1960] 400?: Vulgate Bible (Hebrew OT->Latin, Greek NT->Latin), by Jerome? (340?-420) originals lost, Vulgate Latin Text becomes standard Western Christian Bible 400?: Codex Vercellensis it(a): Latin Gospels, of "European" text-type 400?: Peshitta Bible, Syriac (Aramaic) Vulgate, Syr(p), OT + 22 NT, excludes: 2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; Peshitta becomes standard Syrian Christian Bible 400?: Palestinian Talmud (Mishnah (Oral Law) + Gemara (Mishnah commentary)) 400?: Pericope of the Adulteress, John 7:53-8:11, added to Bible [Jerome,(D)] 400?: Codex Bobiensis it(k): ~half of Mt/Mk in Latin, "African" (Carthage) text-type, has "shorter" ending of Mark after Mk16:8: {But they reported briefly to Peter & those with him all that they had been told. & after this Jesus himself sent out by means of them, from east to west, the sacred and imperishable proclamation of eternal slavation.} [Text.Com., Metzger, p.123] 400?: Jerome cites "expanded" ending of Mark found in (W) after Mk16:14: {And they excused themselves, saying, "This age of lawlessness and unbelief is under Satan, who does not allow the truth & power of God to pervail over the unclean things of the spirits [or does not allow what lies under the unclean spirits to understand the truth & power of God]. Therefore reveal thy right- eousness now" - thus they spoke to Christ. And Christ replied to them, "The term of years of Satan's power has been fulfilled, but other terrible things draw near. And for those who have sinned I was delivered over to death, that they many inherit the spirtual & incorruptible glory of righteousness which is in heaven."} [A Textual Commentary on the Greek NT, Bruce Metzger, p.124] 401-417: Pope Innocent I: decreed Roman custom the norm for Christianity 401: Visigoths invade Italy 403: Letters of Epiphanius of Constantia, John Chrysostom; church fathers 405?: Prudentius, b.348, greatest Christian Latin poet; Loeb Classics: 2 vols. 408?: Claudian, b.370?, Roman poet; Loeb Classics: 2 volumes 410: Alaric, king of the Visigoths, sacks Rome 410: beginnings of Alchemy 413: Kumarajira, b.334, Chinese Buddhist philosopher 414: Letters of Nicetas of Remesiana, Orosius; early Christian church fathers 414: Seng-chao, b.384, Chinese Buddhist philosopher, "Book of Chao" 415: Bishop Cyril of Alex. (444) expels Jews, kills Hypatia with oyster shells 416: Visigoths take Spain 416?: C.R. Namatianus, last Pagan Latin poet, wrote: "de Reditu Suo" 417: Hui-yuan, b.334, Chinese Buddhist philosopher 417-418-422-432: Pope Zosimus - Pope Boniface I - Pope Celestine I 418-419: anti-Pope Eulalius 418: Franks take Gaul 420: St. Jerome, (S.E. Hieronymus), b.340?, Latin scholar; (Loeb Classics) 423: Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, notes Tatian's Harmony (170) in heavy use 427?: Ashi, head of Sura Yeshiva, "Rabbana", began compilation of Bab. Talmud 429: Picts and Scots expelled from southern England by Anglo-Saxon-Jutes 430: St. Augustine, b.354, origin of "Original Sin," church father & philo- sopher, wrote: "The City of God", "Confessions"; Loeb Classics 10 v. (Latin) 430: Letters of Marcus Eremita, Nilus of Ancyra; Christian church fathers 431: Council of Ephesus: 3d ecumenical;decreed Mary: Mother of God (Theotokos) 431: Letters of Nonnus of Panopolis, John Cassian; Christian church fathers 431: Syrian Christianity splits into East (Nestorian) and West (Jacobites) 432-440-461-468: Pope Sixtus III - Pope Leo I - Pope Hilarus 432: St. Patrick begins mission in Ireland 433-453: Attila the Hun: b.406?, "Scourge of the Gods" 434: Chu Tao-sheng, b.360?, Chinese Buddhist philosopher 439: Codex Theodosianus: compilation of Roman Law 444: Letters of Cyril of Alexandria, Arnobius the Younger; church fathers 450?: Mark's Resurrection of Jesus, Mark 16:9-20, added to Bible [(A),(D),(W)] 450?: Codex Alexandrinus (A): (LXX - 1-2Maccabees + 14_Church_Odes + 27NT + 1-2Clement), missing 1K12:17-14:9, Ps49:20-79:11, Psalms of Solomon, Mt1-25:6, Jn6:50-8:52, 2Cr4:13-12:6, 1Clement57.7-63.4, 2Clement12.5b-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type 450?: Codex Bezae (D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus (W): Greek Gospels; both of "Western" text-type: "fondness for paraphrase" 450?: Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus (C): Greek LXX + 27NT, many gaps 450?: Codex Marchalianus (Q): Greek LXX + Luke + John, many gaps 450?: Codex Ambrosianus (F): Greek Genesis to Joshua 450?: Codex Freer: Greek Deuteronomy and Joshua 450?: Codex Colberto-Sarravianus: Origen's Greek Hexapla LXX of Gen-Judg 450?: Codex Palatinus it(e): Latin Gospels, "African" (Carthage) text-type 450?: Codex Veronensis it(b): Latin Gospels, "European/Vulgate" text-type 450?: Syr(pal), Palestinian Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, of "Caesarean" text-type 450?: std. Aramaic Targums, T. Onkelos of Torah, T. Jonathan of Prophets 451: Council of Chalcedon: 4th ecumenical, declared Jesus is 2 natures, both human and divine, in one; a compromise solution of Jesus god/man schisms 451: Nestorius of Constantinople, Nestorians: Mary was *not* "Mother of God" 451: Letters of Hesychius, Quodvultdeus; early Christian church fathers 454: Eutyches of Constantinople, Monophysites: Jesus was divine but not human 455: Vandals sack Rome (it was becoming the thing to do) 457-474: Pope Leo I becomes emperor of remaining (eastern) Roman empire 463: Letters of Prosper of Aquitaine, early Christian church father 466: Letters of Shenute of Atripe, Theodoret of Cyrrhus; early church fathers 468-483-492: Pope Simplicius - Pope Felix III 470: flowering of Mayan city culture in southern Mexico 474-491: Zeno: eastern Roman emperor 476: official end of western Roman empire, last emperor Romulus Augustulus 478: first Shinto shrines in Japan 483-492: Pope Felix III 484-519: Acacian schism: over "Henoticon" divides Western and Eastern churches 484: Letters of Vigilius of Thapsus, early Christian church father 489: Zeno destroys Nestorian(451) school at Edessa, erects Church of St.Simeon 491: Armenian Church secedes from East (Byzantium) and West (Rome) churches 491-518: Anastasius I: eastern Roman emperor 492-496-498: Pope Gelasius I (1st 'Vicar of Christ') - Pope Anastasius II 498: Nestorians (451) settle in Nisibis, Persia 498-514-523-526: Pope Symmachus - Pope Hormisdas - Pope John I 498-506: anti-Pope Lawrence: Lawrentian schism 500: incense introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican 500: Tamo brings tea from India to China 500?: Codex Sangallensis vg: earliest extant Latin Vulgate, Gospels 500?: Codex Argenteus (got): earliest nearly complete Gothic (German), Gospels 500?: Codex Cottonianus: Greek Genesis 502: Narsai of Mealletha, Syrian poet, heads Nestorian school in Nisibis(498) 518-527: Justin I: emperor of Byzantine (former eastern Roman) empire 524: Boethius, b.480?, Roman Christian philosopher, wrote: "Theological Tractates", "Consolation of Philosophy"; (Loeb Classics) (Latin) 525: Dionysius Exiguus sets Christian calendar (a.d.) & Jesus birth @ 23Dec1ce 526-530-532-535: Pope Felix IV - Pope Boniface II - Pope John II 527-565: Justinian the Great: Byzantine emperor 527: Letters of Fulgentius, early Christian church father 529: Justinian closes 1000yr Athen's School of Philosophy, declared Paganistic 529-534: "Corpus Juris Civilis", a compilation of Roman law by Tribonian 530: anti-Pope Dioscorus 533: N. Africa captured by Belisarius from Vandals, becomes Byzantine province 534-870: Malta becomes Byzantine province 535-536-537: Pope Agapitus I - Pope Silverius 535: Synod of Clermont excludes Jews from public office 537-555: Pope Vigilius: involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspired with Justinian and Theodora, excommunicated by N. African bishops in 550 ... [Ref: Oxford Dictionary of Popes, 1986, ISBN:0-19-213964-9] 538: 3d Synod of Orleans requires Jews to remain indoors during "Passion Week" 539-562: war between Byzantine Empire and Persia 541-546: Codex Fuldensis vg(F): Latin Vulgate, 27NT + Epistle to Laodiceans 542: plague in Constantinople from Egyptian and Syrian rats, spreads to Europe 543: Justinian condemns Origen (254), disastrous earthquakes hit the world 544: Justinian condemns the "3 Chapters" of Theodore of Mopsuestia (d.428) and other writings of "2-natures" Christology of Council of Chalcedon (451) 547: Pope Vigilius issues "Iudicatum" supporting Justinian's anti- "2-natures" 547: plague, medically described by Gildas, reaches Britain 548: Letters of Apringius Pacensis, early Christian church father 550-1453: Medieval Greek of Constantinople (Byzantium) becomes standard Greek 550: Byzantine Greek Text, standard Eastern Bible, much smoothing & conflation 550: St. David converts Wales to Christianity, crucifix becomes Christian icon 550?: Codex Claromontanus (Dp): Greek/Latin Pauline Epistles + Canon of ~250ce lists 27NT+Barnabas+Hermas+Acts_of_Paul+Apocalypse_of_Peter; "Western" type 550?: Codex Mediolanensis vg(M): Latin Vulgate Gospels 550?: Codex Veronensis: Greek & Old Latin Psalms 552: Emperor Shotoko Taishi introduces Buddhism into Japan 552: Justinian sends Christian missionaries to China & Ceylon to get silkworm 553: silk industry monopoly established in Byzantine empire 555: 2nd Council of Constantinople: 5th ecumenical, called by Justinian 556-561: Pope Pelagius I: selected by Justianian, endorsed "Iudicatum" (547) 561-574: Pope John III: authorized by Justianian 565-578: Justin II: Byzantine emperor 567: Letters of Primasius, Cassiodorus; early Christian church fathers 572-628: war between Byzantine Empire and Persia 575-579: Pope Benedict I: authorized by Justin II 578-582: Tiberius II: Byzantine emperor 579-590: Pope Pelagius II: died of plague 581-618: Sui dynasty of China 582-602: Maurice: Byzantine emperor 587: Visigoths of Spain converted to Christianity 589: Lombards of Italy converted to Christianity 590: plague in Rome 590-604: Pope Gregory I 594: end of plague which began in 542 and *halved* the population of Europe! 595: 1st authenticated record of decimal number system (0-9) appears in India 596: St. Augustine of Canterbury sent to convert Britain to Christianity 600: Babylonian Talmud (Mishnah(Oral Law) + Gemara(Mishnah commentary)); Ashi 600: Antara ibn Shaddad, one of seven great Islamic poets 600: Pope Gregory "strives" to convert the Jews to Christianity 600: book printing in China 600?: Codex Harleianus vg(Z): Latin Vulgate Gospels 600?: Codex Philoxenian/Harclean Syr(ph/h): Syriac 27NT, "Western" text-type 602-610: Phocas: kills Maurice, becomes Byzantine emperor 604-606-607-615: Popes Sabinian, Boniface III, Boniface IV; author. by Phocas 606: standard examinations for public office in China 609: Roman Pantheon (a Pagan Temple) renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda 610-641: Heraclius: kills Phocas, becomes Byzantine emperor 610: Muhammad's vision on Mount Hira 614: Persians take Damascus and Jerusalem and "Holy Cross of Christ" 615: earliest records of some of Muhammad's teachings 615-618: Pope Deusdedit 616: Persians take Egypt 618-907: T'ang dynasty of China 619-625: Pope Boniface V: authorized by Heraclius 619: "Suan-Ching", ten classics, textbooks used for Chinese exams (606) 622: first year in Muslim calendar, The Hegira, 1a.h., (a.h. = anno hegirae) 622-680: Monothelite controversy: condemned at 6th Ecum. Council of Const. 624: Muhammad marries Aisha, daughter of Abu Bekr 625-638: Pope Honorius I 625: Paulinus of Rome comes to convert Northumbria to Christianity 625: Muhammad begins dictation of Qur'an (Koran) to his scribe 625: Brahmagupta, mathematician of India, teaches at Ujjain 626: King Edwin of Northumbria founds Edinburgh and begins Christianization 627: Byzantines defeat Persians at Nineveh, discover Indian sugar cane 628: Emperor Heraclius wins back "Cross of Christ" from Persians (614) 628: Muhammad captures Mecca & writes to rulers of the world explaining Islam 629: Heraclius recovers Jerusalem from Persians 629: Pope Honorius I sides with Emperor Heraclius and Monothelites (622) 632: East Anglia Christianized 632: Muhammad, b. 570?, Arab prophet and founder of Islam 632: Abu Bekr, first Islamic Caliph, seat at Medina 634: Omar I, 2d Caliph, takes Syria/Persia/Egypt;defeats Heraclius in Holy War 635: Christianization of Wessex 635-750: Damascus becomes capital of Islamic Caliphs 636: Southern Irish Church submits to Roman Catholicism 637: Jerusalem captured by Islam 638: Emp. Heraclius' "Ecthesis", decrees Christ of one nature: "Monothelites" 640: Pope Severinus 640: Library of Alexandria, "The Center of Western Culture," with 300,000 ancient papyrus scrolls, is completely destroyed.